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Tanzanite

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Tanzanite
Tanzanite gemstone, featuring an oval mixed cut
General
Category
Mineral Variety
Chemical formula
(Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH))
Identification
Color
Purple to Blue
Crystal habit
Crystals flattened in an acicular manner, may be fibrously curved
Crystal system
Orthorhombic
Cleavage
Perfect {010} imperfect {100}
Fracture
Uneven to conchoidal
Mohs Scale hardness
6.5
Luster
Vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces
Refractive index
1.69-1.70
Optical Properties
biaxial positive
Birefringence
0.006-0.018
Pleochroism
Present, dichroism or trichroism depending on color.
Streak
White or colorless
Specific gravity
3.10-3.38
Other Characteristics
only found in Tanzania
Tanzanite is the blue/purple variety of the mineral zoisite which was discovered in the Meralani (Merelani) Hills of Northern Tanzania in 1967, near the city of Arusha. It is used as a gemstone. Tanzanite is noted for its remarkably strong trichroism, appearing alternately sapphire blue, violet, and burgundy depending on crystal orientation.
Tanzanite in its rough state is usually a reddish brown color. It requires artificial heat treatment to 600 in a gemological oven to bring out the blue violet of the stone.[citation needed] Tanzanite is extremely rare, it is even rarer than diamonds. It is found mostly in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Contents
1 Commercial history
1.1 Recent developments
2 Factors affecting value: grading
2.1 Tanzanite is heat treated
3 Simulants
4 References
5 External links
//
Commercial history
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)
Manuel de Souza, a Goan tailor and part-time gold prospector living in Arusha (Tanzania), found transparent fragments of vivid blue and blue-purple gem crystals on a ridge near Mererani, some 40km southeast of Arusha. He decided that the mineral was olivine (peridot) but quickly realized that it was not, so he took to calling it "dumortierite", a blue non-gem mineral. Shortly thereafter, de Souza showed the stones to John Saul, a Nairobi-based consulting geologist and gemstone wholesaler who was then mining aquamarine in the region around Mount Kenya. Saul, with a Ph.D. from M.I.T., who later discovered the famous ruby deposits in the Tsavo area of Kenya, eliminated dumortierite and cordierite as possible I.D.s and sent samples to his father, Hyman Saul, vice president at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York. Hyman Saul brought the samples across the street to the Gemological Institute of America who correctly identified the new gem as a variety of the mineral zoisite. Correct identification was also made by mineralogists at Harvard, the British Museum and Heidelberg University, but the very first person to get the identification right was Ian McCloud, a Tanzanian government geologist based in Dodoma. From 1967 to 1972, an estimated two million carats of Tanzanite were mined in Tanzania. The mines were later nationalized by the Tanzanian government.
Recent developments
In June 2003, the Tanzanian government introduced legislation banning the export of unprocessed tanzanite to India (like many gemstones, most tanzanite is cut in Jaipur). The ban has been rationalized as an attempt to spur development of local processing facilities, thereby boosting the economy and recouping profits. This ban was phased in over the next two years, until which time only stones over 0.5 grams were affected.[citation needed]
This is a serious situation for the city of Jaipur, as one-third of its annual gem exports are of tanzanite. Some members of the industry fear the ban will set a precedent, leading Tanzania to ban the export of all raw gem material, including the country's production of tsavorite, diamond and ruby.[citation needed]
In April 2005, a company called TanzaniteOne Ltd. publicly announced that they had taken control of the portion of the tanzanite deposit known as "C-Block" (the main deposit is divided into 5 blocks). Prices for rough material on the open market have increased steadily for the last several years as the company has solidified its control of the market. In August 2005 the largest tanzanite crystal was found in the C-Block mine. The crystal weighs 16,839 carats (3.4kg) and measures 22cm x 8cm x 7cm.
The mining of tanzanite nets the Tanzanian government approximately USD20 million annually. The finished gems later being sold mostly on the US market for sales totaling approximately USD500 million annually.[citation needed]

A rough sample of tanzanite.
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